{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "Dataset",
  "@id": "https://incenseherbs.com/data/ingredients.json",
  "name": "LanDeng Chinese Botanical Incense Ingredient Encyclopedia",
  "description": "Machine-readable definitions of the botanical ingredients in the LanDeng (澜灯) Chinese incense encyclopedia. Chinese terms are the source of truth; English is the agreed translation.",
  "url": "https://incenseherbs.com/data/ingredients.json",
  "publisher": {
    "@id": "https://incenseherbs.com/#organization"
  },
  "dateModified": "2026-09-19",
  "inLanguage": [
    "en",
    "zh"
  ],
  "isAccessibleForFree": true,
  "distribution": {
    "@type": "DataDownload",
    "encodingFormat": "application/json",
    "contentUrl": "https://incenseherbs.com/data/ingredients.json"
  },
  "mainEntity": [
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "agarwood",
      "name": "Agarwood",
      "alternateName": [
        "沉香",
        "chénxiāng",
        "Aquilaria spp."
      ],
      "description": "沉香 (chénxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Aquilaria spp. — with an aroma profile of woody, resinous, sweet, complex.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "沉香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "chénxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Aquilaria spp."
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "woody, resinous, sweet, complex"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Woods"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014506",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5524063",
        "https://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search?output_layout=alphabetical&scientific_name=Aquilaria%20malaccensis"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "benzoin",
      "name": "Benzoin",
      "alternateName": [
        "安息香",
        "ānxīxiāng",
        "Styrax tonkinensis (Siam); Styrax benzoin / S. paralleloneurus (Sumatra)"
      ],
      "description": "安息香 (ānxīxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Styrax tonkinensis (Siam); Styrax benzoin / S. paralleloneurus (Sumatra) — with an aroma profile of sweet, vanilla, balsamic, woody.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "安息香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "ānxīxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Styrax tonkinensis (Siam); Styrax benzoin / S. paralleloneurus (Sumatra)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, vanilla, balsamic, woody"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Resins"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017762",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5371676"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "cedar",
      "name": "Cedar",
      "alternateName": [
        "雪松",
        "xuěsōng",
        "Cedrus spp. (true cedar); note 'cedarwood' often = Juniperus virginiana"
      ],
      "description": "雪松 (xuěsōng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Cedrus spp. (true cedar); note 'cedarwood' often = Juniperus virginiana — with an aroma profile of woody, clean, slightly sweet.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "雪松"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xuěsōng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Cedrus spp. (true cedar); note 'cedarwood' often = Juniperus virginiana"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "woody, clean, slightly sweet"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Woods"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005268",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5284698"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "chrysanthemum",
      "name": "Chrysanthemum",
      "alternateName": [
        "菊花",
        "júhuā",
        "Chrysanthemum morifolium (and C. indicum)"
      ],
      "description": "菊花 (júhuā) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Chrysanthemum morifolium (and C. indicum) — with an aroma profile of floral, herbal, bittersweet.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "菊花"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "júhuā"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Chrysanthemum morifolium (and C. indicum)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "floral, herbal, bittersweet"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Flowers"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220002857",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3150767"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "cinnamon",
      "name": "Cinnamon",
      "alternateName": [
        "桂皮",
        "guìpí",
        "Cinnamomum cassia (Chinese cinnamon/cassia); cf. C. verum (Ceylon cinnamon)"
      ],
      "description": "桂皮 (guìpí) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Cinnamomum cassia (Chinese cinnamon/cassia); cf. C. verum (Ceylon cinnamon) — with an aroma profile of warm, spicy, sweet.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "桂皮"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "guìpí"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Cinnamomum cassia (Chinese cinnamon/cassia); cf. C. verum (Ceylon cinnamon)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "warm, spicy, sweet"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Spices"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008698",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3033982"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "clove",
      "name": "Clove",
      "alternateName": [
        "丁香",
        "dīngxiāng",
        "Syzygium aromaticum"
      ],
      "description": "丁香 (dīngxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Syzygium aromaticum — with an aroma profile of spicy, warm, aromatic.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "丁香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "dīngxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Syzygium aromaticum"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "spicy, warm, aromatic"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Spices"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132166",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3183002"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "frankincense",
      "name": "Frankincense",
      "alternateName": [
        "乳香",
        "rǔxiāng",
        "Boswellia spp. (B. sacra, B. serrata, B. carterii)"
      ],
      "description": "乳香 (rǔxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Boswellia spp. (B. sacra, B. serrata, B. carterii) — with an aroma profile of resinous, citrus, earthy, creamy.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "乳香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "rǔxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Boswellia spp. (B. sacra, B. serrata, B. carterii)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "resinous, citrus, earthy, creamy"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Resins"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/8330171",
        "https://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search?output_layout=alphabetical&scientific_name=Boswellia%20sacra"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "jasmine",
      "name": "Jasmine",
      "alternateName": [
        "茉莉",
        "mòlì",
        "Jasminum sambac (and other Jasminum spp.)"
      ],
      "description": "茉莉 (mòlì) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Jasminum sambac (and other Jasminum spp.) — with an aroma profile of sweet, floral, heady.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "茉莉"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "mòlì"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Jasminum sambac (and other Jasminum spp.)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, floral, heady"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Flowers"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017788",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/7587215"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "mugwort",
      "name": "Mugwort",
      "alternateName": [
        "艾草",
        "àicǎo",
        "Artemisia spp. (A. argyi, A. vulgaris)"
      ],
      "description": "艾草 (àicǎo) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Artemisia spp. (A. argyi, A. vulgaris) — with an aroma profile of herbal, bitter-green, camphoraceous.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "艾草"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "àicǎo"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Artemisia spp. (A. argyi, A. vulgaris)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "herbal, bitter-green, camphoraceous"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Herbs"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023167",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3120648"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "myrrh",
      "name": "Myrrh",
      "alternateName": [
        "没药",
        "mòyào",
        "Commiphora myrrha (and other Commiphora spp.)"
      ],
      "description": "没药 (mòyào) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Commiphora myrrha (and other Commiphora spp.) — with an aroma profile of balsamic, earthy, bitter, medicinal.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "没药"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "mòyào"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Commiphora myrrha (and other Commiphora spp.)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "balsamic, earthy, bitter, medicinal"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Resins"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3994082"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "orange-peel",
      "name": "Orange Peel / Chenpi",
      "alternateName": [
        "陈皮",
        "chénpí",
        "Citrus reticulata (aged mandarin/tangerine peel)"
      ],
      "description": "陈皮 (chénpí) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Citrus reticulata (aged mandarin/tangerine peel) — with an aroma profile of citrus, bittersweet, woody.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "陈皮"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "chénpí"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Citrus reticulata (aged mandarin/tangerine peel)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "citrus, bittersweet, woody"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Peels"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012434",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3190172"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "osmanthus",
      "name": "Osmanthus",
      "alternateName": [
        "桂花",
        "guìhuā",
        "Osmanthus fragrans"
      ],
      "description": "桂花 (guìhuā) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Osmanthus fragrans — with an aroma profile of sweet, floral, apricot, honey.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "桂花"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "guìhuā"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Osmanthus fragrans"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, floral, apricot, honey"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Flowers"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210001392",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3172278"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "patchouli",
      "name": "Patchouli",
      "alternateName": [
        "广藿香",
        "guǎnghuòxiāng",
        "Pogostemon cablin"
      ],
      "description": "广藿香 (guǎnghuòxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Pogostemon cablin — with an aroma profile of earthy, woody, balsamic, spicy.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "广藿香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "guǎnghuòxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Pogostemon cablin"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "earthy, woody, balsamic, spicy"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Herbs"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020033",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/2926672"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "rose",
      "name": "Rose",
      "alternateName": [
        "玫瑰",
        "méiguī",
        "Rosa rugosa (Chinese rose); also Rosa damascena"
      ],
      "description": "玫瑰 (méiguī) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Rosa rugosa (Chinese rose); also Rosa damascena — with an aroma profile of sweet, floral, romantic.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "玫瑰"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "méiguī"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Rosa rugosa (Chinese rose); also Rosa damascena"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, floral, romantic"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Flowers"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011310",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3003979"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "sandalwood",
      "name": "Sandalwood",
      "alternateName": [
        "檀香",
        "tánxiāng",
        "Santalum album (and other Santalum spp.)"
      ],
      "description": "檀香 (tánxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Santalum album (and other Santalum spp.) — with an aroma profile of creamy, sweet, soft, woody.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "檀香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "tánxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Santalum album (and other Santalum spp.)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "creamy, sweet, soft, woody"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Woods"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/2889785",
        "https://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search?output_layout=alphabetical&scientific_name=Santalum%20album"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "vetiver",
      "name": "Vetiver",
      "alternateName": [
        "岩兰草",
        "yánláncǎo",
        "Chrysopogon zizanioides (syn. Vetiveria zizanioides)"
      ],
      "description": "岩兰草 (yánláncǎo) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Chrysopogon zizanioides (syn. Vetiveria zizanioides) — with an aroma profile of earthy, woody, smoky, warm.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "岩兰草"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "yánláncǎo"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Chrysopogon zizanioides (syn. Vetiveria zizanioides)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "earthy, woody, smoky, warm"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Roots"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242312768",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5677150"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "borneol",
      "name": "Borneol",
      "alternateName": [
        "龙脑",
        "lóngnǎo",
        "Dryobalanops aromatica (d-borneol); Blumea balsamifera (l-borneol); synthetic borneol"
      ],
      "description": "龙脑 (lóngnǎo) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — borneol (Dryobalanops aromatica d-borneol; Blumea balsamifera l-borneol; plus synthetic) — with an aroma profile of camphoraceous, cooling, minty, woody.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "龙脑"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "lóngnǎo"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Dryobalanops aromatica (d-borneol); Blumea balsamifera (l-borneol); synthetic borneol"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "camphoraceous, cooling, minty, woody"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Resins"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023545",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3189690"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "pine-resin",
      "name": "Pine Resin",
      "alternateName": [
        "松香",
        "sōngxiāng",
        "Pinus spp. (rosin / colophony)"
      ],
      "description": "松香 (sōngxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — pine oleoresin (Pinus spp., rosin/colophony) — with an aroma profile of piney, woody, balsamic, resinous.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "松香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "sōngxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Pinus spp. (rosin / colophony from pine oleoresin)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "piney, woody, balsamic, resinous"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Resins"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005343",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5285215"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "angelica",
      "name": "Angelica",
      "alternateName": [
        "白芷",
        "báizhǐ",
        "Angelica dahurica"
      ],
      "description": "白芷 (báizhǐ) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Angelica dahurica (the dried root) — with an aroma profile of herbal, aromatic, sweet-bitter, slightly spicy.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "白芷"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "báizhǐ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Angelica dahurica"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "herbal, aromatic, sweet-bitter, slightly spicy"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Roots"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015358",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5537813"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "calamus",
      "name": "Calamus",
      "alternateName": [
        "菖蒲",
        "chāngpú",
        "Acorus calamus"
      ],
      "description": "菖蒲 (chāngpú) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Acorus calamus (the rhizome) — with an aroma profile of herbal, spicy, sweet, earthy. Note: calamus oil can contain β-asarone, restricted in food use in some jurisdictions.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "菖蒲"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "chāngpú"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Acorus calamus (and related Acorus spp.)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "herbal, spicy, sweet, earthy"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Herbs"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027130",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/2873769"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "sweetgum",
      "name": "Sweetgum",
      "alternateName": [
        "枫香",
        "fēngxiāng",
        "Liquidambar formosana (cf. L. orientalis storax)"
      ],
      "description": "枫香 (fēngxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Liquidambar formosana resin (cf. L. orientalis storax) — with an aroma profile of sweet, balsamic, resinous, warm.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "枫香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "fēngxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Liquidambar formosana (Chinese sweetgum); cf. L. orientalis (storax)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, balsamic, resinous, warm"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Resins"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010557",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3702542"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "ambergris",
      "name": "Ambergris",
      "alternateName": [
        "龙涎香",
        "lóngxiánxiāng",
        "Physeter macrocephalus (sperm whale, animal-derived)"
      ],
      "description": "龙涎香 (lóngxiánxiāng) is a Chinese incense ingredient (animal-derived, not botanical) — ambergris, a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) secretion — with an aroma profile of marine, sweet, earthy, waxy. Most 'ambergris' today is synthetic.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "龙涎香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "lóngxiánxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Physeter macrocephalus (sperm whale) — animal-derived, not botanical"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "marine, sweet, earthy, waxy"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Animal-derived"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/8123917",
        "https://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search?output_layout=alphabetical&scientific_name=Physeter%20macrocephalus"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "agastache-rugosa",
      "name": "Agastache",
      "alternateName": [
        "藿香",
        "huòxiāng",
        "Agastache rugosa"
      ],
      "description": "藿香 (huòxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Agastache rugosa — with an aroma profile of minty, herbal, sweet, anise-like.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "藿香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "huòxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Agastache rugosa"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "minty, herbal, sweet, anise-like"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Herbs"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019465",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/7307327"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "atractylodes",
      "name": "Atractylodes",
      "alternateName": [
        "苍术",
        "cāngzhú",
        "Atractylodes lancea"
      ],
      "description": "苍术 (cāngzhú) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Atractylodes lancea — with an aroma profile of herbal, woody, pungent, earthy.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "苍术"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "cāngzhú"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Atractylodes lancea"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "herbal, woody, pungent, earthy"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Roots"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023527",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3122433"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "borneol-oil",
      "name": "Borneol Oil",
      "alternateName": [
        "龙脑油",
        "lóngnǎo yóu",
        "Dryobalanops aromatica (Borneo camphor tree); also Cinnamomum camphora"
      ],
      "description": "龙脑油 (lóngnǎo yóu) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Dryobalanops aromatica (Borneo camphor tree); also Cinnamomum camphora — with an aroma profile of camphoraceous, cooling, balsamic, woody.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "龙脑油"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "lóngnǎo yóu"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Dryobalanops aromatica (Borneo camphor tree); also Cinnamomum camphora"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "camphoraceous, cooling, balsamic, woody"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Resins"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3189690",
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008697"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "cardamom",
      "name": "Cardamom",
      "alternateName": [
        "白豆蔻",
        "báidòukòu",
        "Amomum kravanh (white/round cardamom)"
      ],
      "description": "白豆蔻 (báidòukòu) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Amomum kravanh (white/round cardamom) — with an aroma profile of camphoraceous, spicy, eucalyptus, warm.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "白豆蔻"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "báidòukòu"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Amomum kravanh (white/round cardamom)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "camphoraceous, spicy, eucalyptus, warm"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Spices"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/7963176",
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028314"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "cyperus",
      "name": "Cyperus",
      "alternateName": [
        "香附子",
        "xiāngfùzǐ",
        "Cyperus rotundus"
      ],
      "description": "香附子 (xiāngfùzǐ) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Cyperus rotundus — with an aroma profile of woody, spicy, earthy, smoky.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "香附子"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngfùzǐ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Cyperus rotundus"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "woody, spicy, earthy, smoky"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Roots"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200026713",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/2714818"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "jiangzhenxiang",
      "name": "Jiangzhenxiang",
      "alternateName": [
        "降真香",
        "jiàngzhēnxiāng",
        "Acronychia pedunculata (classical); cf. Dalbergia odorifera (modern conflation)"
      ],
      "description": "降真香 (jiàngzhēnxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Acronychia pedunculata (classical); cf. Dalbergia odorifera (modern conflation) — with an aroma profile of woody, sweet, resinous, subtle.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "降真香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "jiàngzhēnxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Acronychia pedunculata (classical); cf. Dalbergia odorifera (modern conflation)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "woody, sweet, resinous, subtle"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Woods"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012420",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3836457"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "linglingxiang",
      "name": "Linglingxiang",
      "alternateName": [
        "零陵香",
        "línglíngxiāng",
        "Lysimachia foenum-graecum"
      ],
      "description": "零陵香 (línglíngxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Lysimachia foenum-graecum — with an aroma profile of sweet, hay-like, herbaceous, coumarin.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "零陵香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "línglíngxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Lysimachia foenum-graecum"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, hay-like, herbaceous, coumarin"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Herbs"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017018",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/4005054"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "orris-root",
      "name": "Orris Root",
      "alternateName": [
        "鸢尾根",
        "yuānwěi gēn",
        "Iris germanica / I. pallida (orris); cf. Iris tectorum (Chinese iris)"
      ],
      "description": "鸢尾根 (yuānwěi gēn) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Iris germanica / I. pallida (orris); cf. Iris tectorum (Chinese iris) — with an aroma profile of powdery, floral, violet, woody.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "鸢尾根"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "yuānwěi gēn"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Iris germanica / I. pallida (orris); cf. Iris tectorum (Chinese iris)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "powdery, floral, violet, woody"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Roots"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5298069",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5298086",
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028218"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "plum-blossom",
      "name": "Plum Blossom",
      "alternateName": [
        "梅花",
        "méihuā",
        "Prunus mume (syn. Armeniaca mume)"
      ],
      "description": "梅花 (méihuā) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Prunus mume (syn. Armeniaca mume) — with an aroma profile of delicate, sweet, almondy, green-floral.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "梅花"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "méihuā"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Prunus mume (syn. Armeniaca mume)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "delicate, sweet, almondy, green-floral"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Flowers"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010631",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3021046"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "spikenard-nardostachys",
      "name": "Spikenard",
      "alternateName": [
        "甘松",
        "gānsōng",
        "Nardostachys jatamansi"
      ],
      "description": "甘松 (gānsōng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Nardostachys jatamansi — with an aroma profile of earthy, woody, sweet, musky.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "甘松"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "gānsōng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Nardostachys jatamansi"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "earthy, woody, sweet, musky"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Roots"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200022534",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/4095989"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "star-anise",
      "name": "Star Anise",
      "alternateName": [
        "八角",
        "bājiǎo",
        "Illicium verum"
      ],
      "description": "八角 (bājiǎo) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Illicium verum — with an aroma profile of sweet, licorice, warm, spicy.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "八角"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "bājiǎo"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Illicium verum"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, licorice, warm, spicy"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Spices"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008460",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/2889756"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "styrax-resin",
      "name": "Storax",
      "alternateName": [
        "苏合香",
        "sūhéxiāng",
        "Liquidambar orientalis (Oriental sweetgum / storax)"
      ],
      "description": "苏合香 (sūhéxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Liquidambar orientalis (Oriental sweetgum / storax) — with an aroma profile of sweet, balsamic, resinous, warm.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "苏合香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "sūhéxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Liquidambar orientalis (Oriental sweetgum / storax)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, balsamic, resinous, warm"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Resins"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3152825",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3702542"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "red-sandalwood",
      "name": "Red Sandalwood",
      "alternateName": [
        "紫檀",
        "zǐtán",
        "Pterocarpus santalinus"
      ],
      "description": "紫檀 (zǐtán) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Pterocarpus santalinus — with an aroma profile of woody, sweet, rosy, spicy.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "紫檀"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "zǐtán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Pterocarpus santalinus"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "woody, sweet, rosy, spicy"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Woods"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5708628",
        "https://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search?output_layout=alphabetical&scientific_name=Pterocarpus%20santalinus"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "camphor",
      "name": "Camphor",
      "alternateName": [
        "樟木",
        "zhāngmù",
        "Cinnamomum camphora"
      ],
      "description": "樟木 (zhāngmù) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Cinnamomum camphora — with an aroma profile of camphoraceous, cooling, woody, fresh.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "樟木"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "zhāngmù"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Cinnamomum camphora"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "camphoraceous, cooling, woody, fresh"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Woods"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008697",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3033991"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "fennel",
      "name": "Fennel",
      "alternateName": [
        "小茴香",
        "xiǎohuíxiāng",
        "Foeniculum vulgare"
      ],
      "description": "小茴香 (xiǎohuíxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Foeniculum vulgare — with an aroma profile of sweet, anise, warm, herbaceous.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "小茴香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiǎohuíxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Foeniculum vulgare"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, anise, warm, herbaceous"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Spices"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015555",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3034922"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "eupatorium",
      "name": "Eupatorium",
      "alternateName": [
        "佩兰",
        "pèilán",
        "Eupatorium fortunei"
      ],
      "description": "佩兰 (pèilán) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Eupatorium fortunei — with an aroma profile of herbal, aromatic, sweet, fresh.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "佩兰"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "pèilán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Eupatorium fortunei"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "herbal, aromatic, sweet, fresh"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Herbs"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023934",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5403095"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "ligusticum",
      "name": "Ligusticum",
      "alternateName": [
        "藁本",
        "gǎoběn",
        "Ligusticum sinense"
      ],
      "description": "藁本 (gǎoběn) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Ligusticum sinense — with an aroma profile of herbal, aromatic, spicy, woody.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "藁本"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "gǎoběn"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Ligusticum sinense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "herbal, aromatic, spicy, woody"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Herbs"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015664",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/6026996"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "citronella",
      "name": "Citronella",
      "alternateName": [
        "香茅",
        "xiāngmáo",
        "Cymbopogon citratus"
      ],
      "description": "香茅 (xiāngmáo) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Cymbopogon citratus — with an aroma profile of citrusy, lemony, fresh, grassy.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "香茅"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngmáo"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Cymbopogon citratus"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "citrusy, lemony, fresh, grassy"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Herbs"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200025088",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/2705275"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "gardenia",
      "name": "Gardenia",
      "alternateName": [
        "栀子花",
        "zhīzihuā",
        "Gardenia jasminoides"
      ],
      "description": "栀子花 (zhīzihuā) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Gardenia jasminoides — with an aroma profile of sweet, creamy, white-floral, heady.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "栀子花"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "zhīzihuā"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Gardenia jasminoides"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, creamy, white-floral, heady"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Flowers"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200022091",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5335125"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "champaca",
      "name": "Champaca",
      "alternateName": [
        "白兰花",
        "báilánhuā",
        "Michelia alba (syn. Magnolia × alba)"
      ],
      "description": "白兰花 (báilánhuā) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Michelia alba (syn. Magnolia × alba) — with an aroma profile of sweet, floral, fruity, heady.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "白兰花"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "báilánhuā"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Michelia alba (syn. Magnolia × alba)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "sweet, floral, fruity, heady"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Flowers"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/3987892",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5635329"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "nutmeg",
      "name": "Nutmeg",
      "alternateName": [
        "肉豆蔻",
        "ròudòukòu",
        "Myristica fragrans"
      ],
      "description": "肉豆蔻 (ròudòukòu) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Myristica fragrans — with an aroma profile of warm, spicy, sweet, woody.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "肉豆蔻"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "ròudòukòu"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Myristica fragrans"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "warm, spicy, sweet, woody"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Spices"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5406817"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "sand-ginger",
      "name": "Sand Ginger",
      "alternateName": [
        "山柰",
        "shānnài",
        "Kaempferia galanga"
      ],
      "description": "山柰 (shānnài) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Kaempferia galanga — with an aroma profile of camphoraceous, spicy, earthy, floral.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "山柰"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "shānnài"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Kaempferia galanga"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "camphoraceous, spicy, earthy, floral"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Spices"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5301451"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "costus",
      "name": "Costus",
      "alternateName": [
        "木香",
        "mùxiāng",
        "Saussurea costus (syn. Dolomiaea costus, Aucklandia lappa)"
      ],
      "description": "木香 (mùxiāng) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Saussurea costus (syn. Dolomiaea costus, Aucklandia lappa) — with an aroma profile of earthy, woody, musky, animalic.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "木香"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "mùxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Saussurea costus (syn. Dolomiaea costus, Aucklandia lappa)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "earthy, woody, musky, animalic"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Roots"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/5404129",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/10864861",
        "https://checklist.cites.org/#/en/search?output_layout=alphabetical&scientific_name=Saussurea%20costus"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "cypress-seed",
      "name": "Cypress Seed",
      "alternateName": [
        "柏子",
        "bǎizǐ",
        "Platycladus orientalis"
      ],
      "description": "柏子 (bǎizǐ) is a Chinese botanical incense ingredient — Platycladus orientalis — with an aroma profile of roasted, nutty, woody, resinous.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Chinese",
          "value": "柏子"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "bǎizǐ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Scientific name",
          "value": "Platycladus orientalis"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Type",
          "value": "ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Aroma",
          "value": "roasted, nutty, woody, resinous"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Category",
          "value": "Seeds"
        }
      ],
      "sameAs": [
        "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005428",
        "https://www.gbif.org/species/2684855"
      ]
    }
  ]
}