{
  "@context": "https://schema.org",
  "@type": "Dataset",
  "@id": "https://incenseherbs.com/data/terminology.json",
  "name": "LanDeng Chinese Incense Terminology (Chinese–English)",
  "description": "Canonical Chinese–English terminology for Chinese botanical incense, compiled by LanDeng (澜灯). Chinese terms are the source of truth; English is the agreed translation. One Chinese word does not always map to one English word.",
  "url": "https://incenseherbs.com/data/terminology.json",
  "publisher": {
    "@id": "https://incenseherbs.com/data/terminology.json"
  },
  "dateModified": "2026-09-10",
  "inLanguage": [
    "en",
    "zh"
  ],
  "isAccessibleForFree": true,
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
  "distribution": {
    "@type": "DataDownload",
    "encodingFormat": "application/json",
    "contentUrl": "https://incenseherbs.com/data/terminology.json"
  },
  "mainEntity": [
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "aicao",
      "name": "艾草",
      "description": "艾草 — mugwort.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "àicǎo"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "mugwort"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "mugwort"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "anxixiang",
      "name": "安息香",
      "description": "安息香 — benzoin.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "ānxīxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "Parthian fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "benzoin"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "baimuxiang",
      "name": "白木香",
      "description": "Botanical name for the Chinese agarwood tree (Aquilaria sinensis).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "báimùxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "white-wood fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "Aquilaria sinensis"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "baiqinan",
      "name": "白奇楠",
      "description": "白奇楠 — white qínán.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "báiqínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "white qínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "white qínán"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "baizhi",
      "name": "白芷",
      "description": "白芷 — angelica root.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "báizhǐ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "white angelica"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "angelica root"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "banchenbanfu",
      "name": "半沉半浮",
      "description": "Semi-sinking grade — medium resin content.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "bànchénbànfú"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "half-sink half-float"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "semi-sinking grade"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "bencao",
      "name": "本草",
      "description": "Classical botanical-pharmaceutical tradition (materia medica). Preferred English: materia medica / pharmacopoeia.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "běncǎo"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "root herb"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "materia medica"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "boshanlu",
      "name": "博山炉",
      "description": "Han dynasty mountain-lid censer; marks incense moving from ritual to aesthetic. Preferred English: Boshan censer.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "bóshān lú"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "Mount Bo censer"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "Boshan censer"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "changpu",
      "name": "菖蒲",
      "description": "菖蒲 — calamus / sweet flag.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "chāngpú"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "calamus"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "calamus / sweet flag"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "chenpi",
      "name": "陈皮",
      "description": "陈皮 — aged mandarin peel.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "chénpí"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "aged peel"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "aged mandarin peel"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "chenshixiangpu",
      "name": "陈氏香谱",
      "description": "陈氏香谱 — Chen's Incense Manual.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "chénshì xiāngpǔ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "Chen's incense manual"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "Chen's Incense Manual"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "chenshui",
      "name": "沉水",
      "description": "Sinking grade — highest resin density (sinks in water).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "chénshuǐ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "sink in water"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "sinking grade"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "chenxiang",
      "name": "沉香",
      "description": "Resin-dense agarwood heartwood; the best pieces sink in water. Preferred English: agarwood.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "chénxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "sinking fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "agarwood"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "chenxiangmu",
      "name": "沉香木",
      "description": "沉香木 — agarwood (wood).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "chénxiāngmù"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "agarwood wood"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "agarwood (wood)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "chonglou",
      "name": "虫漏",
      "description": "Insect-bored agarwood: resin formed via insect boring.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "chónglòu"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "insect leak"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "insect-bored"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "daoliuxiang",
      "name": "倒流香",
      "description": "倒流香 — backflow incense.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "dàoliúxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "reverse-flow incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "backflow incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "daxiangzhuan",
      "name": "打香篆",
      "description": "打香篆 — making seal incense.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "dǎ xiāngzhuàn"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "make seal incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "making seal incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "dingxiang",
      "name": "丁香",
      "description": "丁香 — clove.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "dīngxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "clove fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "clove"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "fangxiangyaocai",
      "name": "芳香药材",
      "description": "Aromatic botanical material with a medicinal-herb connotation (handle with care under medical governance). Preferred English: aromatic botanical material.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "fāngxiāng yàocái"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "aromatic medicinal material"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "aromatic botanical material"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "fengxiang",
      "name": "枫香",
      "description": "枫香 — sweetgum resin.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "fēngxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "maple/sweetgum fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "sweetgum resin"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "gaoyaguanyou",
      "name": "高压灌油",
      "description": "高压灌油 — high-pressure oil injection (fake).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "gāoyā guànyóu"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "high-pressure oil fill"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "high-pressure oil injection (fake)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "gehuofenxiang",
      "name": "隔火焚香",
      "description": "Indirect-fire incense: hot charcoal buried in ash with a silver/mica plate above, material rested on top — no flame, minimal smoke. Precursor of Japanese kodo.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "gé huǒ fén xiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense over fire at a remove"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "indirect-fire incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "guanghuoxiang",
      "name": "广藿香",
      "description": "广藿香 — patchouli (Pogostemon).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "guǎnghuòxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "broad patchouli"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "patchouli (Pogostemon)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "guihua",
      "name": "桂花",
      "description": "桂花 — osmanthus.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "guìhuā"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "osmanthus flower"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "osmanthus"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "guipi",
      "name": "桂皮",
      "description": "桂皮 — cassia bark.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "guìpí"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "cinnamon bark"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "cassia bark"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "hechengxiang",
      "name": "合成香",
      "description": "合成香 — synthetic incense.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "héchéngxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "synthetic incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "synthetic incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "heiqinan",
      "name": "黑奇楠",
      "description": "黑奇楠 — black qínán.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "hēiqínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "black qínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "black qínán"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "hexiang",
      "name": "合香",
      "description": "Multi-ingredient compound incense, built on a chief/minister/assistant/guide formula principle. Preferred English: blended incense (compound).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "héxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "combined incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "blended incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "hongchuxiangpu",
      "name": "洪芻香谱",
      "description": "洪芻香谱 — Hong Chu's Incense Manual.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "hóngchú xiāngpǔ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "Hong Chu's incense manual"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "Hong Chu's Incense Manual"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "huangqinan",
      "name": "黄奇楠",
      "description": "黄奇楠 — yellow qínán.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "huángqínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "yellow qínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "yellow qínán"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "huoxiang",
      "name": "藿香",
      "description": "藿香 — Agastache (herb).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "huòxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "patchouli herb"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "Agastache (herb)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "jiahuo",
      "name": "假货",
      "description": "假货 — counterfeit.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "jiǎhuò"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "fake goods"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "counterfeit"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "jiaxiang",
      "name": "甲香",
      "description": "甲香 — operculum (mollusk).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "jiǎxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "shell fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "operculum (mollusk)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "jingyou",
      "name": "精油",
      "description": "精油 — essential oil.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "jīngyóu"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "essential oil"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "essential oil"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "juhua",
      "name": "菊花",
      "description": "菊花 — chrysanthemum.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "júhuā"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "chrysanthemum flower"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "chrysanthemum"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "junchenzuoshi",
      "name": "君臣佐使",
      "description": "君臣佐使 — chief-minister-assistant-guide.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "jūnchénzuǒshǐ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "chief-minister-assistant-guide"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "chief-minister-assistant-guide"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "kongxun",
      "name": "空熏",
      "description": "空熏 — no-flame heating.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "kōngxūn"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "empty heating"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "no-flame heating"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "linglingxiang",
      "name": "零陵香",
      "description": "零陵香 — lingling herb.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "línglíngxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "Lingling fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "lingling herb"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "longnao",
      "name": "龙脑",
      "description": "龙脑 — borneol.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "lóngnǎo"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "dragon brain"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "borneol"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "longxianxiang",
      "name": "龙涎香",
      "description": "龙涎香 — ambergris.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "lóngxiánxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "dragon saliva fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "ambergris"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "lvqinan",
      "name": "绿奇楠",
      "description": "绿奇楠 — green qínán.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "lǜqínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "green qínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "green qínán"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "meigui",
      "name": "玫瑰",
      "description": "玫瑰 — rose.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "méiguī"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "(loanword)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "rose"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "menglianglu",
      "name": "梦粱录",
      "description": "梦粱录 — the Meng Liang Lu (Wu Zimu).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "mèngliánglù"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "Dream of Sorghum"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "the Meng Liang Lu (Wu Zimu)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "moli",
      "name": "茉莉",
      "description": "茉莉 — jasmine.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "mòlì"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "(loanword)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "jasmine"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "moyao",
      "name": "没药",
      "description": "没药 — myrrh.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "mòyào"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "(loanword)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "myrrh"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "mubaoyou",
      "name": "木包油",
      "description": "木包油 — wood-wraps-oil (agarwood).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "mùbāoyóu"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "wood wraps oil"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "wood-wraps-oil (agarwood)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "panxiang",
      "name": "盘香",
      "description": "Coiled/spiral incense. Preferred English: incense coil.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "pánxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "coil incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense coil"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "paoyaoshuui",
      "name": "泡药水",
      "description": "泡药水 — chemical/dye soaking (fake).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "pào yàoshuǐ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "soak in chemical water"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "chemical/dye soaking (fake)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "pinxiang",
      "name": "品香",
      "description": "品香 — incense appreciation.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "pǐnxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "appreciate incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense appreciation"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "qinan",
      "name": "奇楠",
      "description": "Top grade of agarwood ('oil wraps wood'), soft and aromatic at room temperature. Preferred English: qínán (kyara-grade agarwood).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "qínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "Sanskrit-derived (disputed etymology)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "qínán (kyara-grade agarwood)"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Alternate forms",
          "value": "伽楠 / 伽罗 / 棋楠 / 琪楠 / 奇蓝"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "ruxiang",
      "name": "乳香",
      "description": "乳香 — frankincense.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "rǔxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "milk fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "frankincense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "shengjie",
      "name": "生结",
      "description": "Live-formed agarwood: resin formed on a living tree.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "shēngjié"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "raw formation"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "live-formed"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "shexiang",
      "name": "麝香",
      "description": "麝香 — musk.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "shèxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "musk deer fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "musk"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "shujie",
      "name": "熟结",
      "description": "Mature-formed agarwood: resin formed, tree died and buried/aged.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "shújié"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "ripe formation"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "mature-formed"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "sibanxianshi",
      "name": "四般闲事",
      "description": "The Four Leisure Arts of the Song literati: incense (烧香), tea (点茶), hanging scrolls (挂画), flower arranging (插花). Source: 吴自牧《梦粱录》.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "sì bān xián shì"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "four kinds of leisure pursuits"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "the Four Leisure Arts"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "songxiang",
      "name": "松香",
      "description": "松香 — pine resin / colophony.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "sōngxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "pine fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "pine resin / colophony"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "tanxiang",
      "name": "檀香",
      "description": "檀香 — sandalwood.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "tánxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "sandalwood fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "sandalwood"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "tanxiangmu",
      "name": "檀香木",
      "description": "檀香木 — sandalwood (wood).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "tánxiāngmù"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "sandalwood wood"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "sandalwood (wood)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "taxiang",
      "name": "塔香",
      "description": "Conical incense. Preferred English: incense cone.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "tǎxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "tower incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense cone"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "tianranxiang",
      "name": "天然香",
      "description": "天然香 — natural incense.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "tiānránxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "natural incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "natural incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "tuoluo",
      "name": "脱落",
      "description": "Detached/wounded agarwood: resin formed via external wound or break.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "tuōluò"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "fall-off"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "detached/wounded"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "weiyanxiang",
      "name": "微烟香",
      "description": "微烟香 — low-smoke incense.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "wēiyānxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "low-smoke incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "low-smoke incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "wuyanxiang",
      "name": "无烟香",
      "description": "无烟香 — smokeless incense.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "wúyānxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "smokeless incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "smokeless incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiang",
      "name": "香",
      "description": "Ambiguous: means both 'fragrant' and 'incense'. Preferred English: incense (context-dependent).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "fragrance / incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangan",
      "name": "香案",
      "description": "香案 — incense altar table.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāng'àn"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense altar"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense altar table"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangcai",
      "name": "香材",
      "description": "Raw incense material (wood, resin, herb). Preferred English: incense material.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngcái"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense material"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense material"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangchan",
      "name": "香铲",
      "description": "香铲 — incense spatula.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngchǎn"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense spatula"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense spatula"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangcheng",
      "name": "香乘",
      "description": "香乘 — the Incense Compendium (Zhou Jiazhou).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngchéng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense vehicle/compendium"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "the Incense Compendium (Zhou Jiazhou)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangchi",
      "name": "香匙",
      "description": "香匙 — incense spoon.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngchí"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense spoon"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense spoon"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangchuan",
      "name": "香串",
      "description": "香串 — incense bead bracelet.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngchuàn"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense string"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense bead bracelet"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangdao",
      "name": "香道",
      "description": "The ceremonial appreciation of incense. Preferred English: the way of incense / incense ceremony.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngdào"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "way of incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "the way of incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Misinterpretation risk",
          "value": "Often assumed to be Japanese; it originated in China"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangfen",
      "name": "香粉",
      "description": "香粉 — incense powder.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngfěn"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense powder"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense powder"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xianghe",
      "name": "香盒",
      "description": "香盒 — incense box/container.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiānghé"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense box"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense box/container"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xianghui",
      "name": "香灰",
      "description": "香灰 — incense ash.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiānghuī"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense ash"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense ash"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangji",
      "name": "香几",
      "description": "香几 — incense stand/table.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngjī"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense stand"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense stand/table"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangju",
      "name": "香具",
      "description": "香具 — incense utensils.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngjù"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense apparatus"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense utensils"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangliao",
      "name": "香料",
      "description": "Aromatic / fragrance ingredient. Preferred English: aromatic ingredient.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngliào"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "fragrance ingredient"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "aromatic ingredient"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xianglu",
      "name": "香炉",
      "description": "The vessel used for burning incense. Preferred English: incense burner / censer.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiānglú"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense stove"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense burner / censer"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangnang",
      "name": "香囊",
      "description": "A small scented pouch, worn or carried. Preferred English: incense sachet / sachet.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngnáng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "fragrance pouch"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense sachet"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangpai",
      "name": "香牌",
      "description": "香牌 — incense plaque/tablet.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngpái"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense plaque"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense plaque/tablet"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangpian",
      "name": "香片",
      "description": "香片 — incense chip/slice.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngpiàn"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense slice"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense chip/slice"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangpu",
      "name": "香谱",
      "description": "Canonical incense manuals (陈氏香谱, 洪芻香谱, 新纂香谱, 周嘉胄《香乘》). Preferred English: incense manual.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāng pǔ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense manual/register"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense manual"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangshi",
      "name": "香事",
      "description": "香事 — incense culture.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngshì"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense affairs"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense culture"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangtan",
      "name": "香炭",
      "description": "香炭 — incense charcoal.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngtàn"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense charcoal"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense charcoal"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangtong",
      "name": "香筒",
      "description": "香筒 — incense tube.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngtǒng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense tube"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense tube"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangwan",
      "name": "香丸",
      "description": "Kneaded incense pellet. Preferred English: incense ball / pellet.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngwán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense pellet"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense pellet"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangxi",
      "name": "香席",
      "description": "香席 — incense gathering.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngxí"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense seat"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense gathering"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangya",
      "name": "香押",
      "description": "香押 — ash press.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngyā"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "ash press"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "ash press"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangzhu",
      "name": "香箸",
      "description": "香箸 — incense chopsticks.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngzhù"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense chopsticks"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense chopsticks"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xiangzhu2",
      "name": "香珠",
      "description": "香珠 — incense bead.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiāngzhū"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "incense bead"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense bead"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xianxiang",
      "name": "线香",
      "description": "The common stick form. Preferred English: incense stick.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xiànxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "thread incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "incense stick"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xinzuanxiangpu",
      "name": "新纂香谱",
      "description": "新纂香谱 — New Compilation of Incense Manuals.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xīnzuǎn xiāngpǔ"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "new-compiled incense manual"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "New Compilation of Incense Manuals"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xuandelu",
      "name": "宣德炉",
      "description": "宣德炉 — Xuande censer.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xuāndélú"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "Xuande stove"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "Xuande censer"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xuesong",
      "name": "雪松",
      "description": "雪松 — cedar.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xuěsōng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "snow pine"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "cedar"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xunlu",
      "name": "熏炉",
      "description": "熏炉 — censer.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xūnlú"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "fumigation stove"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "censer"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xunxiang",
      "name": "熏香",
      "description": "Incense that is burned/fumigated. Preferred English: burning incense.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xūnxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "smoke-fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "burning incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "xunxiangqiu",
      "name": "熏香球",
      "description": "熏香球 — gimbal censer (stays level).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "xūnxiāngqiú"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "fumigation ball"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "gimbal censer (stays level)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "yanlancao",
      "name": "岩兰草",
      "description": "岩兰草 — vetiver.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "yánláncǎo"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "rock orchid grass"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "vetiver"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "youbaomu",
      "name": "油包木",
      "description": "油包木 — oil-wraps-wood (qínán).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "yóubāomù"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "oil wraps wood"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "oil-wraps-wood (qínán)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "yunxiang",
      "name": "芸香",
      "description": "芸香 — rue.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "yúnxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "rue fragrance"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "rue"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "zhuanxiang",
      "name": "篆香",
      "description": "Seal incense: powder pressed into a pattern and burned along a timed path. Preferred English: seal incense (stamped powder).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "zhuàn xiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "seal incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "seal incense"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "zhuqianxiang",
      "name": "竹签香",
      "description": "竹签香 — bamboo-core stick.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "zhúqiānxiāng"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "bamboo-stick incense"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "bamboo-core stick"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "zhuyou",
      "name": "煮油",
      "description": "煮油 — oil-boiling (fake).",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "zhǔyóu"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "boil in oil"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "oil-boiling (fake)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "@type": "DefinedTerm",
      "termCode": "ziqinan",
      "name": "紫奇楠",
      "description": "紫奇楠 — purple qínán.",
      "additionalProperty": [
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Pinyin",
          "value": "zǐqínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Literal meaning",
          "value": "purple qínán"
        },
        {
          "@type": "PropertyValue",
          "name": "Preferred English",
          "value": "purple qínán"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}